What Qualifies as Child Resistant Packaging?

Evolution of Child-Resistant Flexible Packaging

The evolution of child resistance has transformed the way products are being packaged to help keep young children safe from potentially harmful substances.

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In , the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) along with the American Medical Association (AMA) drafted legislation requiring cautionary labeling on hazardous products. In the United States, unintentional poisonings among young children became such an important issue that the government had to act.

While the labels warned parents of the dangers, the labeling did not help keep kids out, especially young children who were unable to read. In , congress passed the Poison Prevention Packaging Act (PPPA), requiring child-resistant packaging for prescription medications, most over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as well as a variety of household chemicals and hazardous materials.

Since then, flexible packaging has evolved and with the help of innovations in child-resistant closures, pouches are increasingly displacing rigid formats while maintaining performance and functionality and reducing the amount of packaging. Sustainability has become a priority for many brands and manufacturers are seeking to provide recycle-ready options with a child-resistant feature while finding ways to help reduce the package&#;s carbon footprint. As the industry continues to innovate child-resistant flexible packaging, there are many child-resistant packaging types that consumers still commonly experience.

Child-Resistant Packaging Types

Safety Caps

For years, child safety caps were the main solution for child-resistant packaging. However, the types of packaging available to CPGs have changed. Child-resistant caps can work for vials and bottles; but what about medicine delivered in other types of packaging?

Blister Packs

When manufactured with the right materials, blister packs can deter children from accessing drugs that could cause them harm. They also add convenience by dividing the product into single doses and protecting the product from any exterior elements.

As an extra layer of protection for products using blister packs, some packaging manufacturers are also offering cardboard cartons that are tear-resistant while the blister packs have notches that hook onto the carton. The packaging requires an additional step to remove the blister pack from the carton.

Aerosol Cans

Aerosol spray cans often contain hazardous chemicals, which is why some manufacturers include child-resistant closures. Packaging options include twist-and-lock tops for products such as spray paint. However, many of those products are not necessarily being marketed as child-resistant. Rather, the brands describe the feature&#;s intent as preventing accidental spraying.

More complex devices for aerosol cans involve requiring the user to remove the cap and re-attach it to either the bottom or top of the can in order to operate the spray nozzle.

Child-Guard® Slider and Child-Resistant Zipper

In , the Fresh-Lock team developed Child-Guard® Track & Slider&#;designed to be used on flexible pouches. The Child-Guard® Track & Slider is difficult enough to keep young children from opening, yet intuitive enough for adults to operate. To make a child-resistant closure effective for flexible packaging applications, it needed to be simple for pouch converters and manufacturers to add to a pouch.

Since then, Fresh-Lock®Child-Resistant Zippers have also been created to play an important role in helping prevent product accidents with young children. They can be used for smaller pouch options such as dose unit packaging or over-the-counter medications. Blending the best of both features&#;safety and sustainability&#;these press to close child-resistant zippers include sustainable options made from either 100% fully recyclable or compostable materials.

Ensuring the effectiveness of child-resistant packaging is not a simple task. It takes specific requirements and rigorous testing to prove the safety and protection for young children against potentially harmful substances.

Qualifications for Child-Resistant Packaging

Child-Resistant Packaging Test

To be deemed child-resistant, packaging needs to be tested by specified methods to ensure its safety and effectiveness. Per EPA&#;s child-resistant packaging (CRP) standards, a package 
&#;must resist entry by most young children and must not be difficult for most adults to open and properly resecure, within a specified time period in testing.&#;

The test consists of giving children ages 42-51 months five minutes to open the package. If they are unable to do so, the tester demonstrates how to open the package. If they have not tried using their teeth to open the package, they are told they may do so and then given another five minutes to attempt opening it.

The child-resistant effectiveness is determined if more than 85% of children cannot open the package without a demonstration and more than 80% with a demonstration. There are international standards that describe testing protocols to validate the effectiveness of child-resistant packaging. These are the international standards described in ISO:.

Packaging must also be tested by senior adults ages 50-70 years. 90% of seniors need to be able to open a child-resistant package within a five-minute timeframe and close the package so that it is child resistant again.

As product packaging continues to be modified for child safety, there are many terms and definitions for various types of child-related packaging; it&#;s important to understand the differences.

Understanding Common Child-Related Packaging Claims

Child-Proof Packaging

You might see this term being used, but it should not be used to describe any type of package because truly child-proof packaging doesn&#;t exist. There&#;s never a 100 percent guarantee any type of packaging will keep a child out.

Child-Deterrent Packaging

The term child-deterrent packaging is a broad way to describe packaging meant to discourage young children from opening it, but it has not undergone formal testing for child resistance.
This phrase may also be used to describe packaging for products that are not under any regulations requiring child-resistant packaging, but still make packaging a step harder to open.

Child-Resistant Packaging

This term implies special packaging specifically designed and constructed with the goal of reducing the risk of children ingesting possibly unsafe items by creating an additional barrier for protection.
Child-resistant packaging is defined in the PPPA as &#;significantly difficult for children under five years of age to open or obtain a toxic or harmful amount of the substance contained therein within a reasonable time and not difficult for normal adults to use properly.&#; The requirements for child-resistant packaging are outlined in Code of Federal Regulations Title 16 (CFR-16 Part ).

How to Open a Child-Resistant Closure

Child-resistant closures need to protect the contents inside and, more importantly, protect the children trying to open them.

Watch a demonstration on how to open a Child-Guard® Slider and a Fresh-Lock® Style Child-Resistant Zipper:

Case Study: Kirkland Signature® Child-Resistant Package

To properly create child-resistant flexible packaging, ongoing collaboration between film and converting partners is recommended. It&#;s crucial that the entire package is child-resistant versus only the closure or package opening. Helping protect young children from dangerous substances takes a team of industry experts. 

In collaboration with partners throughout the flexible packaging industry, the Fresh-Lock team helped transform Kirkland Signature® Ultra Clean Premium Laundry Detergent Pacs packaging from a rigid tub to a fully recyclable, child-resistant flexible pouch. The brand aimed to reduce their carbon footprint while ensuring its new packaging was fully recyclable with a child-resistant reclosable feature. 

This award-winning collaboration led to a whole new outlook for brands to realize the many benefits of flexible packaging for a potentially harmful product. 

New Child-Guard® Product

Child-resistant packaging is continuing to grow in the flexible space, as are the types of products that will need to be child-resistant in the future. Flexibles can also help reduce the amount of packaging through rightsizing, while ensuring brands are aligned with sustainability efforts. 
 
The Fresh-Lock team is working on a new innovation for child-resistance. It is part of the design criteria meant to enhance the experience with a lower mass material and higher performance&#;including those with dexterity issues to open a child-resistant package. In development, we&#;re also focused on manufacturing a mono-material format for recyclability and reducing the overall footprint of the closure.

Ready for Child-Resistant Closures?

Brands in the child-resistant market should be disruptive with their packaging formats. For example, nutraceutical or prescription pharmaceutical products can stand out from the competition by making the switch from rigid to flexible packaging while remaining safe and effective with child-resistant closures.  

Are you interested in learning more about Child Resistant Pre-Rolls Tin Box China? Contact us today to secure an expert consultation!

The Fresh-Lock team is committed to helping improve child safety through flexible packaging. Partner with us to learn more about how you can add child-resistant features to your brand&#;s product packaging today. 
 

The Poison Prevention Packaging Act of is a law enacted by the 91st United States Congress focused on reducing unintentional poisoning caused by medications and common household products. The law requires that prescription medications, over-the-counter medications, hazardous material, and other household products be packaged with child-resistance packaging. This activity reviews the Poison Prevention Packaging Act and highlights the purpose of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients who may require special packaging.

Introduction

The Poison Prevention Packaging Act (PPPA) was established in by President Richard Nixon. The law&#;s primary goal is to ensure child safety by preventing accidental ingestion of harmful chemicals. The law states items such as prescription drugs, over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, household chemicals, and other hazardous products must utilize child-resistant packaging. The nature of this packaging would avert children of the age of five and younger from easy access and provide a protected container. This has proven to avoid inadvertent prescription poisonings. This law has impacted numerous parties, including children, the elderly, and persons with disabilities.

However, retrospective concerns have been drawn that the elderly and the disabled may struggle to open their medication due to the packaging style. As a result, several supplemental changes have been enacted that allow certain medications to exempt the restrictions under the Poison Prevention Packaging Act. These changes have been made in the best interest of the patient, patient&#;s family, and national safety at the core of the discussion. As a direct result of the PPPA, children 5 years of age and under deaths decreased by 1.4 per million.[1][2][3][4]

As listed on the legislative portion on Title 15 of the United States Code of Commerce and Trade, the bill includes but is not limited to the following substances:

Substances: The Commission has determined that the degree or nature of the hazard to children in the availability of the following substances, because of their packaging, is such that special packaging meeting the requirements of §&#;.20(a) is required to protect children from serious personal injury or serious illness resulting from the handling, using, or ingesting such substances, and the special packaging herein required is technically feasible, practicable, and appropriate for these substances:

(1) Aspirin: Any aspirin-containing preparation for human use in a dosage form intended for oral administration shall be packaged in accordance with the provisions of §&#;.15 (a), (b), and (c), except the following:

 (i) Effervescent tablets containing aspirin, other than those intended for pediatric use, provided the dry tablet contains not more than 15 percent aspirin and has an oral LD-50 in rats of 5 grams or more per kilogram of body weight.

 (ii) Unflavored aspirin-containing preparations in powder form (other than those intended for pediatric use) that are packaged in unit doses providing not more than 15.4 grains of aspirin per unit dose and that contain no other substance subject to the provisions of this section.

(2) Furniture polish: Nonemulsion type liquid furniture polishes containing 10 percent or more of mineral seal oil and/or other petroleum distillates and having a viscosity of less than 100 Saybolt universal seconds at 100 °F., other than those packaged in pressurized spray containers, shall be packaged in accordance with the provisions of §&#;.15 (a), (b), and (d).

(3) Methyl salicylate: Liquid preparations containing more than 5 percent by weight of methyl salicylate, other than those packaged in pressurized spray containers, shall be packaged in accordance with the provisions of §&#;.15 (a), (b), and (c).

(4) Controlled drugs: Any preparation for human use that consists in whole or in part of any substance subject to control under the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.) and that is in a dosage form intended for oral administration shall be packaged in accordance with the provisions of §&#;.15 (a), (b), and (c).

(5) Sodium and/or potassium hydroxide: Household substances in dry forms such as granules, powder, and flakes, containing 10 percent or more by weight of free or chemically unneutralized sodium and/or potassium hydroxide, and all other household substances containing 2 percent or more by weight of free or chemically unneutralized sodium and/or potassium hydroxide, shall be packaged in accordance with the provisions of §&#;.15 (a) and (b).

(6) Turpentine: Household substances in liquid form containing 10 percent or more by weight of turpentine shall be packaged in accordance with the provisions of §&#;.15 (a) and (b).

(7) Kindling and/or illuminating preparations: Prepackaged liquid kindling and/or illuminating preparations, such as cigarette lighter fuel, charcoal lighter fuel, camping equipment fuel, torch fuel, and fuel for decorative or functional lanterns, which contain 10 percent or more by weight of petroleum distillates and have a viscosity of less than 100 Saybolt universal seconds at 100 °F., shall be packaged in accordance with the provisions of §&#;.15 (a) and (b).

(8) Methyl alcohol(methanol): Household substances in liquid form containing 4 percent or more by weight of methyl alcohol (methanol), other than those packaged in pressurized spray containers, shall be packaged in accordance with the provisions of §&#;.15 (a) and (b).

(9) Sulfuric acid: Household substances containing 10 percent or more by weight of sulfuric acid, except such substances in wet-cell storage batteries, shall be packaged in accordance with the provisions of §&#;.15 (a) and (b).

(10) Prescription drugs: Any drug for human use that is in a dosage form intended for oral administration and that is required by Federal law to be dispensed only by or upon an oral or written prescription of a practitioner licensed by law to administer such drug shall be packaged in accordance with the provisions of §&#;.15 (a), (b), and (c). 

(11) Ethylene glycol: Household substances in liquid form containing 10 percent or more by weight of ethylene glycol packaged on or after June 1, , except those articles exempted by 16 CFR .83, shall be packaged in accordance with the provisions of § .15 (a) and (b).

 (12) Iron-containing drugs: With the exception of (i) Animal feeds used as vehicles for the administration of drugs, and (ii) those preparations in which iron is present solely as a colorant, noninjectable animal and human drugs providing iron for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes, and containing a total amount of elemental iron, from any source, in a single package, equivalent to 250 mg or more elemental iron in a concentration of 0.025 percent or more on a weight to volume basis for liquids and 0.025 percent or more on a weight to volume basis for liquids and 0.05 percent or more on a weight-to-weight basis for nonliquids (e.g., powders, granules, tablets, capsules, wafers, gels, viscous products, such as pastes and ointments, etc.) shall be packaged in accordance with the provisions of § .15 (a), (b), and (c).

(13) Dietary supplements containing iron: Dietary supplements, as defined in § .1(a)(3), that contain an equivalent of 250 mg or more of elemental iron, from any source, in a single package in concentrations of 0.025 percent or more on a weight-to-volume basis for liquids and 0.05 percent or more on a weight-to-weight basis for nonliquids (e.g., powders, granules, tablets, capsules, wafers, gels, viscous products, such as pastes and ointments, etc.) shall be packaged in accordance with the provisions of § .15 (a), (b), and (c), except for the following:

(i) Preparations in which iron is present solely as a colorant; and

(ii) Powdered preparations with no more than the equivalent of 0.12 percent weight-to-weight elemental iron.

(14) Lidocaine, Dibucaine, and Minoxidil: These products come in topical form l preparations are sold with applicators (i.e., droppers or spray pumps) that require special packaging for the lifetime of the product. 

(15) Solvents for paint or other similar surface-coating material: Prepackaged liquid solvents (such as removers, thinners, brush cleaners, etc.) for paints or other similar surface-coating materials (such as varnishes and lacquers) that contain 10 percent or more by weight of benzene (also known as benzol), toluene (also known as toluol), xylene (also known as xylol), petroleum distillates (such as gasoline, kerosene, mineral seal oil, mineral spirits, naphtha, and Stoddard solvent, etc.), or combinations thereof, and that have a viscosity of less than 100 Saybolt universal seconds at 100 °F., shall be packaged in accordance with the provisions of § .15 (a) and (b).

(16) Acetaminophen: Preparations for human use in a dosage form intended for oral administration and containing in a single package a total of more than one gram acetaminophen shall be packaged in accordance with the provisions of § .15 (a), (b), and (c), except the following -

(i) Effervescent tablets or granules containing acetaminophen, provided the dry tablet or granules contain less than 15 percent acetaminophen, the tablet or granules have an oral LD-50 of 5 grams or greater per kilogram of body weight, and the tablet or granules contain no other substance subject to the provisions of this section.

(ii) Unflavored acetaminophen-containing preparations in powder form (other than those intended for pediatric use) that are packaged in unit doses providing not more than 13 grains of acetaminophen per unit dose and that contain no other substance subject to this § .14(a).

(17) Diphenhydramine: Preparations for human use in a dosage form intended for oral administration and containing more than the equivalent of 66 mg diphenhydramine base in a single package shall be packaged in accordance with the provisions of § .15 (a), (b), and (c), if packaged on or after February 11, .

(18) Glue removers containing acetonitrile: Household glue removers in a liquid form containing more than 500 mg of acetonitrile in a single container.

(19) Permanent wave neutralizers containing sodium bromate or potassium bromate: Home permanent wave neutralizers, in a liquid form, contain more than 600 mg of sodium bromate or more than 50 mg of potassium bromate in a single container.

(20) Ibuprofen: Ibuprofen preparations for human use in a dosage form intended for oral administration and containing one gram (1,000 mg) or more of ibuprofen in a single package shall be packaged in accordance with the provisions of § .15 (a), (b), and (c).[5][6]

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